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Triops Longicaudatus
Triops Longicaudatus Red
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Tyrannosaurus rex: King of Biting Force
A new research project at the University of Bristol provides exciting insights into the evolution of carnivorous dinosaurs: over the course of around 160 million years, their bite force developed continuously – with one clear leader at the top of the food chain: Tyrannosaurus rex.
Simulations with digital skulls
For the study, the palaeontologists examined the skulls of 17 different predatory dinosaurs that lived in very different geological eras and regions, from the early Herrerasaurus, which lived around 230 million years ago in what is now Argentina, to the Tyrannosaurus rex, which dominated the ecosystem in North America 66 million years ago.
The researchers created three-dimensional models of the skulls and used digital muscle models to reconstruct their estimated bite force. They used living relatives of dinosaurs, such as crocodiles and birds, as a comparison. The simulations allowed them to understand how much pressure the different species could exert when biting.
Different hunting strategies
The result: while Tyrannosaurus rex is considered a ‘bone crusher’ with its incomparably powerful bite, other species relied on alternative hunting techniques. Giganotosaurus, for example, specialised in cutting meat and tearing prey to pieces with its teeth. Spinosaurus, on the other hand, had a long, narrow snout that was ideal for catching fish.
‘Our results show an astonishing range of ecological adaptations,’ explains study leader Andre Rowe. ‘This diversity of strategies probably allowed dinosaurs to thrive in a wide variety of habitats over many millions of years.’
A recipe for success in evolution
The analysis shows that bite force steadily increased over the course of dinosaur evolution. This reflects the adaptability of this group of animals in the structure of their skulls – a key factor that enabled them to become the dominant predators of their time over millions of years.
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